This celebrated Saiva temple, appropriately called Brihadisvara and Daksinameru, is the grandest creation of the Chola emperor Rajaraja (AD 985-1012).

It was inaugurated by the king himself in his 19th regnal year (AD 1009-10) and named it after himself as Rajesvara Peruvudaiyar.

Architecturally, it is the most ambitious structural temple built of granite.

The temple is within a spacious inner prakara of 240.90m long (east-west) and 122m broad (north-south),

with a gopura at the east and three other ordinary torana entrances on at each lateral sides and the third at rear.

The prakara is surrounded by a double-storeyed malika and parivaralayas.

The sikhara, a cupolic dome, is otagonal and rests on a single block of granite, a square of 7.8m weighing 80tons.

The majestic upapitha and adhishthana and common to all the axially placed entities like the ardhamaha and mukha-mandapas

and linked to the main sanctum but approached through a north-south transept across the ardha-mandapa which is marked by lofty sopanas.

The moulded plinth is extensively engraved with inscriptions by its royal builder who refers to his many endowments, pious acts and organisational events connected to the temple.

The brihad-linga within the sanctum is 8.7m high.

Life-size iconographic representations on the wall niches and inner passages inlude Durga, Lakshmi, Sarasvati and Bhikshatana, Virabhadra, Kalantaka, Natesa, Ardhanarisvara and Alingana forms of Siva.

The mural paintings on the walls of the lower ambulatory inside are finest examples of Chola and later periods.

Sarfoji, a local Maratha ruler, rebuilt the Ganapati shrine.

The celebrated Thanjavur school of paintings of the Nayakas are largely superimposed over the Chola murals.